1 Introduction: Key Issues in the Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions in Africa -- 2 Traditional Cultural Expressions in Africa -- 3 The Negative Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions in Africa -- 4 Heritage Protection and Traditional Cultural Expressions in Africa -- 5 The Positive Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions by Intellectual Property Rights in Arica -- 6 A Rights Framework for the Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions in Africa -- 7 Conclusion. .This book evaluates the protection of traditional cultural expressions in Africa using South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria and Ghana as case study examples in the light of regional and international approaches in this respect. Such protection is considered in the context of a combination of positive protection models such as the protection offered by intellectual property rights and negative protection such as tangible heritage protection and authorisations by national competent authorities. These models are in turn assessed taking into consideration human and peoples’ rights frameworks, which recognise and affirm group entitlement to, among others, traditional cultural expressions. These frameworks ensure that such traditional cultural expressions are available for further innovation and creativity.