1. Does out-contracting of welfare services promote active citizenship?; Karl Henrik Sivesind and Håkon Solbu Trætteberg -- 2.The Changing Roles of For-Profit and Nonprofit Welfare Provision in Norway, Sweden and Denmark; Karl Henrik Sivesind -- 3. Education and elderly care in Denmark, Norway and Sweden: National policies and legal frameworks for private providers; Signe Bock Segaard and Jo Saglie -- 4.  Towards a more diversified supply of welfare services? Marketisation and the local governing of nursing homes in Scandinavian countries; David Feltenius -- 5. Local governing of schools in Scandinavia – between state, market and civil society; Malene Thøgersen -- 6. Active citizenship in Scandinavian schools and nursing homes; Håkon Solbu Trætteberg -- 7. Does the type of service provider affect user satisfaction? Public, for-profit and nonprofit kindergartens, schools and nursing homes in Norway; Tord Skogedal Lindén, Audun Fladmoe and Dag Arne Christensen -- 8. The Future of the Scandinavian Welfare Model: User Choice, Parallel Governance Systems, and Active Citizenship; Karl Henrik Sivesind, Håkon Solbu Trætteberg and Jo Saglie.  .Open AccessThis book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book analyses the considerable variation in the shares of private provision for core services in education, health and social services, in the Scandinavian countries. The chapters compare countries, service areas, and the for-profit, non-profit and public sectors. Each focuses on different levels of change: the mix of welfare providers, national laws and regulations, governance in municipalities, nursing homes and schools, and finally, the consequences experienced by the users of the services.  The authors ask which combinations of governance structures, service sector providers, and user choice give the best results for active citizenship. Promoting Active Citizenship will be of interest to students and scholars across a range of disciplines, including Public Administration and Management, Non-Profit Management, Social Policy, Innovation in Public Service, Social Care and Education and School Research.