The Rationales Behind Innovation Policies: Dynamic Approaches -- From Economic Foundations to S&T Policy Tools: a Comparative Analysis of the Dominant Paradigms -- Systems Failure and the Case for Innovation Policy -- Technology Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy -- New Technology Procurement: Knowledge Creation, Diffusion and Coordination -- Technology Policy and A-Synchronic Technologies: The Case of German High-Speed Trains -- Institutional Arrangements of Technology Policy and Management of Diversity: the Case of Digital Switching System in France and in Italy -- A Study of Military Innovation Diffusion Based on Two Case Studies -- Impact of Incentives Tools on Systemic and Learning Failures -- University-Industry Relationships and Regional Innovation Systems: Analysis of the French Procedure Cifre -- Research and Development Tax Incentives: a Comparative Analysis of Various National Mechanisms -- Twenty Years of Evaluation with the BETA Method: Some Insights on Current Collaborative ST&I Policy Issues -- The Relevance of R&D Strategic Management in Policy Design -- The Organizational Specificities of Brite-Euram Collaborative Projects: Micro-Analysis and Policy Implications -- How International are National (and European) Science and Technology Policies? -- Universities Specificities and the Emergence of a Global Model of University: how to Manage These Contradictory Realities.Patrick Llerena and Mireille Matt BETA, Strasbourg, E-mail: pllerena@coumot. u-strasbg. fr BETA, Strasbourg, E-mail: matt@coumot. u-strasbg. fr 0. 1 Why Analyze Innovation Policies From a Knowledge- Based Perspective? It is broadly accepted that we have moved (or are moving) to a knowled- based economy, characterized at least by two main features: that knowl­ edge is a major factor in economic growth, and innovation processes are systemic by nature. It is not surprising that this change in the economic paradigm requires new analytical foundations for innovation policies. One of the purposes of this book is to make suggestions as to what they should include. Underpinning all the chapters in this book is a conviction of the impor­ tance of dynamic and systemic approaches to innovation policy. Nelson (1959)^ and Arrow (1962)^ saw innovation and the creation of new knowl­ edge as the emergence and the diffusion of new information, characterized essentially as a public good. The more recent theoretical literature regarded the rationale for innovation policies as being to provide solutions to "mar­ ket failures". Today, however, knowledge is seen as multidimensional (tacit vs. codified) and open to interpretation. Acknowledging that the creation, coordination and diffusion of knowledge are dynamic and cumu­ lative processes, and that innovation processes result from the coordination of distributed knowledge, renders the "market failure" view of innovation policies obsolete. Innovation policies must be systemic and dynamic.