Introduction -- Air Pollution in Europe: Tropospheric Ozone; Air Pollution Impacts; Activities on Air Pollution Control -- Emissions, Sources and Abatement Costs: Emission Analysis; Country Analysis; Scenario Development; Assessing Abatement Costs; Emission Abatement Options -- Optimizing Ozone Abatement Strategies: Model Design and Implementation; Model Evaluation -- Modelling Results for Tropospheric Ozone: Cost-effectiveness Analysis; Additional Emission Reductions; Ozone Thresholds and Limit Values -- Evaluation of Results: Future Abatement Options; Recommendations for Policy Makers -- Conclusion and Outlook.This work derives strategies for developing useful EU policies aimed at the control of air pollutants in Europe, especially ground-level ozone. The author starts with the air-pollution status quo in the late 1990s, placing further impacts of photooxidant concentrations into perspective. Emission sources are then analysed in detail, and a likely scenario for a business-as-usual development in emissions is proposed. From the cost-benefit perspective, it is shown that a holistic, integrated evaluation of all air pollutants and their effects results in a full accounting that reflects synergies and hidden benefits. The modelling scheme identifies emission targets needed to achieve compliance with EU thresholds, and calculations reveal the need to review established ozone thresholds and emission limits, even after discounting the positive effects of including central and eastern European nations.