Original Principles -- The Use of Homograft Valves: Historical Perspective -- Major Clinical Series of Homograft Valve Transplants: Left Ventricular Outflow Tract -- Mayo Clinic Series -- University of Alabama at Birmingham Series -- Modified Root Replacement Concept: Influence of Implant Technique on Allograft Durability -- Major Clinical Series of Homograft Valve Transplants: Right Ventricular Outflow Tract -- Great Ormond Street Series -- Denver Series -- Toronto Series -- Cryopreserved Allograft Tissue for Cardiac Reconstruction -- Cryopreserved Cardiac Valves: Initial Experiences and Theories -- Surgery for Infections -- Pulmonary Valve Autotransplant Procedure: Clinical Results Compared with Other Methods for Aortic Valve Replacement -- In Vivo Pulsatile Hemodynamics of Homografts -- Cell Biology of Heart Valve Leaflets -- Leaflet Endothelium -- Leaflet Interstitial Cells -- Leaflet Interstitial Cell Growth and Recovery -- Activation of the Immune System by Cardiac Valve Allografts -- Cryobiology of Heart Valve Preservation -- Application of Cryopreservation to Heart Valves -- Cell Viability and Problems with Its Quantification -- Factors Affecting Cellular Viability During Preimplantation Processing -- Cell Origins and Fates Following Transplantation of Cryopreserved Allografts -- Resolution of the Conflicting Theories of Prolonged Cell Viability -- Allograft Heart Valves: Morphologic, Biochemical, and Explant Pathology Studies -- Overview: Allograft Heart Valves -- Morphology: Allograft Heart Valves -- Biomechanics: Allograft Heart Valves -- Effects of Preimplantation Processing on Allograft Valves -- Explant Pathology Studies -- Implications of Explant Pathology Studies -- Allograft Valve Banking: Harvesting and Cryopreservation Techniques -- Cryopreservation and Tissue Banking -- Donor Suitability and Heart Procurement -- Techniques and Technology: Dissection, Examination, Sterilization, and Cryopreservation -- Techniques and Technology: Storage, Transportation and Distribution, Thawing, Dilution, and Quality Systems -- Surgical Techniques: Valve and Root Methods for Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstructions -- Indications and Contraindications: Valve and Root Methods -- “Freehand” Aortic Valve Replacement with Aortic Allograft Valve Transplant Aortotomy -- The Small Aortic Root: Surgical Techniques for Annulus Enlargement -- Aortoplastic Techniques for Problematic Aortic Root Geometry -- Aortic Root Replacement with Aortic Allograft Conduit -- Aortoventriculoplasty with Aortic Allograft -- “Miniroot” Replacement Techniques -- Stentless Xenograft Valves -- Surgical Techniques: Ross Operation and Variants -- Indications: Ross Operation -- Surgical Anatomy: Ross Operation -- Surgical Technique: Ross Operation -- The Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography During the Ross Procedure -- Guidelines for Use of Aprotinin with the Ross Procedure -- Ross-Konno Procedure -- Methods for Avoiding Technical Errors in Performing the Autograft Pulmonary Valve Transplant -- Surgical Techniques: Complex Reconstructions -- Management of Transposition with Complex Systemic Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction: Rastelli’s Operation and Aortic Root Translocation -- Homograft Variant of the Nikaidoh Procedure -- Application of the Principle of Creation of Double Outlet Systemic Ventricle for Hypoplastic Aortic Outflow -- Surgical Techniques: Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstructions -- Indications: Right Ventricular Outflow Reconstructions -- Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery Aortic Allograft Conduits in Children and Infants -- Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults -- Corrected Transposition -- Reconstruction of Right Ventricular Outflow with Abnormal Pulmonary Arteries -- Management of Difficult Allograft Alignments: The “Divide and Reapproximate” Principle -- Pulmonary Valve Allografts in Children -- Truncus Arteriosus Repair -- Pulmonary Atresia with MAPCAs: Staged Unifocalization Techniques -- Pulmonary Atresia with MAPCAs: Repairs in Neonates and Young Infants -- Reoperative Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstructions -- Proximal and Distal Extensions -- Reconstruction with Nonvalved Cryopreserved Cardiovascular Tissues -- Extracardiac Fontan Operation -- Future Directions -- FDA Regulatory Policy -- The Biological Valve Spectrum and a Rationale for Prosthetic Valve Choice -- Tissue Engineered Heart Valves: The Next Challenge.Cryopreserved allograft tissues are now standard materials for the reconstructive cardiac surgeon. Since publication of the first edition ("Cardiac Reconstructions with Allograft Valves") in 1989, the field has progressed dramatically with increased clinical use of cardiovascular allograft tissues, with the development of new surgical techniques, and with advances in the understanding of the fundamentals of valve transplantation biology and cryopreservation. As a result, over two-thirds of the present volume represents new material. Fifty-six authors bring their expertise to thirteen comprehensive, lavishly illustrated sections which discuss the principles of the use of homograft valves, major clinical series of homograft valves for both left and right ventricular outflow tracts, cryopreserved allograft tissue for cardiac reconstruction, cell biology of heart valve leaflets, cryobiology of heart valve preservation, morphological, biochemical, and explant pathology studies of allograft heart valves, allograft valve banking, as well as detailed explanation of surgical techniques for valve and root methods for left and right ventricular outflow tract reconstructions, the Ross operation and variants, and complex reconstructions. A final section presents potential future directions for the field. Over 400 illustrations, created expressly for this book, depict the surgical techniques from the perspective of the surgeon standing at the operating table. All surgeons performing pediatric and/or adult valve replacements and reconstructive cardiac surgeries will benefit from the described methods. Cardiothoracic residents and cardiologists will also find the text useful. It will provide the surgeon with an enhanced understanding of the biological and material properties of allografts and increased familiarity with the range of surgical techniques applicable for the use of these valves, particularly in the successful management of challenging cardiac reconstructions.>.