Vascular Precursor Cells and Their Potentiation -- EPC and Their Potentiation by Adenovirus Gene Delivery -- Potentiation of Regenerative Therapy by Non-Viral Vector, Gelatin Hydrogel -- Regeneration of Myocardium Using Bone Marrow Cells -- Development of Myocardial Sheets and Their Cell Sources -- Cell Sheet Technology for Myocardial Tissue Engineering -- Myocardial Regeneration Therapy with Tissue Implantation of Autologous Myoblast Sheets for Severe Impaired Heart Failure -- Cardiovascular Cell Differentiation from ES Cells -- Hybrid Tissues -- Preparation and Recellularization of Tissue Engineered Bioscaffold for Heart Valve Replacement -- Biotube Technology for a Novel Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels -- Clinical Application of Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels -- New Aspects of Angiogenesis -- Vascular Regeneration and Remodeling by Circulating Progenitor Cells -- Gene Therapy with Hepatocyte Growth Factor for Angiogenesis in Severe Pulmonary Vascular Disease -- Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Angiogenesis -- Gene Therapy for Angiogenesis under a Ventricular Assist System -- The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) on Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Bone Marrow Cells -- Clinical Results of Therapeutic Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis -- Clinical Survey of Cell Therapy in Japan -- A Novel Micro-Angiography Detecting Angiogenesis, Application for Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Transplantation in the Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia -- Angiogenesis Induced by Intramyocardial Implantation of Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for the Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease -- Effect of Bone Marrow Transplantation in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia -- Therapeutic Angiogenesis for a Patient with Arteriosclerosis Obliterans by Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells -- Autologous Bone Marrow Implantation for Buerger’s Disease.The cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body; therefore, any impediment to this system through, for example, a circulatory disorder, represents a serious threat to organs, tissues, and cells. Obstructive diseases of vessels with a diameter of more than 1 mm can be treated by conventional surgical and interventional approaches; however, blockages in small vessels with a diameter of less than 1 mm cannot be treated by conventional methods. As a consequence, therapeutic ang- genesis and vasculogenesis for the treatment of ischemic diseases have been widely studied in the last decade. These methods may contribute to the re­ pair of intractable cardiovascular diseases with a main vascular involvement in the body's smallest vessels. In this book, Hikaru Matsuda and I have tried to summarize recent Japanese developments in the field of cardiovascular regeneration therapies using tissue engineering. The Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan has been encouraging the National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute to promote cardiovascular regeneration therapies using such ap­ proaches. Therefore, it is with the financial aid and support of research grants, such as that for Cardiovascular Disease (13C-1 and I6C-6), Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants (RHGTEFB-genome-005, RHGTEFB-saisei-003, and CRCD-junkanki-009) and a grant from NEDO of Japan, that significant progress has been possible.