Inferring Evolutionary History through Inter- and Intraspecific DNA Sequence Comparison -- Rapid Evolution of Sex-Related Genes -- Selective Sweep in the Evolution of a New Sperm-Specific Gene in Drosophila -- Detecting Selective Sweeps with Haplotype Tests -- A Novel Test Statistic for the Identification of Local Selective Sweeps Based on Microsatellite Gene Diversity -- Detecting Hitchhiking from Patterns of DNA Polymorphism -- Periodic Selection and Ecological Diversity in Bacteria -- Distribution and Abundance of Polymorphism in the Malaria Genome -- Selective Sweeps in Structured Populations—Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Studies.Selective Sweep deals with the theory and practice of detection of recent adaptive evolution at the genomic level from the patterns of DNA polymorphism. Recent advances in genomic sequencing provide the background for analysis of polymorphic sites in large chromosomal regions or even in whole genome, thus providing the tool for effective identification of loci that are under strong pressure of positive selection. For this reason, the studies of selective sweep, which formerly were of interest mostly to evolutionists, have become widely recognized and appreciated by the large biological community involved in identification of the targets of selection during speciation, host/pathogen interactions, and resistance to chemical agents.