Quantification and Calculation in Nature -- The Cells of the Brain -- Brain: A Distributed Intelligent Processing System -- Neural Computational Mechanisms Supporting Cognitive Processes -- The Brain and Quantum Computation -- Memetics and Cognitive Mathematics -- Modeling of Arithmetic Reasoning -- Brain Maps of Arithmetic Processes in Children and Adults -- Arithmetic Learning Capability in Congenitally Injured Brains -- Learning Arithmetic: Why So Difficult?."The Brain- From Fuzzy Arithmetic to Quantum Computing" presents an original and astounding new understanding of the brain by taking into account novel achievements in Fuzziness and Quantum Information Theory. Bringing together Neuroscience, Soft Computing, Quantum Theory, and recent developments in mathematics the actual knowledge about the brain functioning is formalized into a coherent theoretical framework. This monograph develops new and powerful neural models providing formal descriptions of biochemical transactions in the brain to guide neuroscience experiments and to better interpret their results. This book demonstrates how the physiology of the neuron can be understood based on the fundamentals of fuzzy formal languages and introduces the basics of quantum computation and quantum information to the brain. It discusses how molecular transactions at the cellular level implement such concepts, shows how certain neural structures, like the dendritic spine, are specialized to function as quantum computing devices and demonstrates how the brain can be viewed as a quantum processing intelligent system.