Introduction: Traditional Alpine Communities and the Challenge of Long-term Sustainability -- The Landholding Foundations of Alpine Farming -- Face to the Sun: the Exploitation of Arable -- The Ties that Bind: Livestock Farming in the Western Alps 1500-1914 -- The Alpine Commons: Resource, Regulation and Exploitation 1500-1914 -- The Alpage of the Western Alps -- Coping with Risk 1500-1914 -- Eā¦